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Asbestosis and mesothelioma Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

Asbestosis and mesothelioma Biogarphy

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As the strange asbestos-related cancer mesothelioma began turning up in the population, public health doctors in Sydney began to compile a register of cases in an attempt to pinpoint what was causing it. Here you can listen to the experiences of Dr. Ashraf Grimwood, who researched in the early stages of the Mesothelioma Register.
Dr. Grimwood’s experience with asbestos began in South Africa, where he witnessed the enormous occupational hazards it presented to local workers there. Even members of his own family were routinely exposed to asbestos through their various occupations. For him asbestos exposure was a human rights issue to do with the way workers were treated at their workplace.
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As part of his studies, and subsequently as a consultant, Dr Ashraf Grimwood worked with Professor David Ferguson and Dr Rebecca Thomson on the newly established Mesothelioma Register. This involved interviewing sufferers and relatives of those who had fallen victim to the disease in an attempt to trace the pattern of exposure.
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Many people believe asbestos has been neutralised with the end of mining and manufacturing, but according to Dr Grimwood, it remains a threat to health, buried as it is within Australia’s homes.
Wittenoom is situated adjacent to Karijini (formerly Hamersley Range) National Park in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. A site of stunning physical beauty, it is now notorious as a place which produced suffering, disease and death associated with the mining and milling of blue asbestos (crocidolite).
The industry began in a very small way with a prospectors’ rush to the gorges to knap and bag asbestos fibre in the late 1930s. The high price of asbestos fibre offered hopes of better fortune to the vast numbers of unemployed men trying to make a living during the years of the Great Depression.
Lang Hancock from the adjacent pastoral station, Mulga Downs, established a tiny mining and milling operation in Wittenoom Gorge, selling it in 1943 to Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR), a corporation with no experience in mining.
Asbestos was built into almost all Australian workplaces in the twentieth century. It was used extensively in manufacturing plants, power generation and all forms of mechanised transport.
Asbestos coverings, lagging, mattresses, packings, jointings, cloth, rope and millboard became part of Australian industrial workplaces. Meanwhile the versatility of asbestos cement as a building material resulted in its use not just in workplaces but also in homes, hospitals and schools as roofing, moulding, interior and exterior boarding, insulation, pipes and conduit.
This section deals with the history of asbestos in the working environment, including asbestos manufacturing, other industries and the trades.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive, asbestos-related pulmonary cancer that is increasing in incidence. Because diagnosis is difficult and the disease is relatively rare, most patients present at a clinically advanced stage where possibility of cure is minimal. To improve surveillance and detection of MM in the high-risk population, we completed a series of clinical studies to develop a noninvasive test for early detection.
Methodology/Principal Findings
We conducted multi-center case-control studies in serum from 117 MM cases and 142 asbestos-exposed control individuals. Biomarker discovery, verification, and validation were performed using SOMAmer proteomic technology, which simultaneously measures over 1000 proteins in unfractionated biologic samples. Using univariate and multivariate approaches we discovered 64 candidate protein biomarkers and derived a 13-marker random forest classifier with an AUC of 0.99±0.01 in training, 0.98±0.04 in independent blinded verification and 0.95±0.04 in blinded validation studies. Sensitivity and specificity at our pre-specified decision threshold were 97%/92% in training and 90%/95% in blinded verification. This classifier accuracy was maintained in a second blinded validation set with a sensitivity/specificity of 90%/89% and combined accuracy of 92%. Sensitivity correlated with pathologic stage; 77% of Stage I, 93% of Stage II, 96% of Stage III and 96% of Stage IV cases were detected. An alternative decision threshold in the validation study yielding 98% specificity would still detect 60% of MM cases. In a paired sample set the classifier AUC of 0.99 and 91%/94% sensitivity/specificity was superior to that of mesothelin with an AUC of 0.82 and 66%/88% sensitivity/specificity. The candidate biomarker panel consists of both inflammatory and proliferative proteins, processes strongly associated with asbestos-induced malignancy.
Significance
The SOMAmer biomarker panel discovered and validated in these studies provides a solid foundation for surveillance and diagnosis of MM in those at highest risk for this disease.
Citation: Ostroff RM, Mehan MR, Stewart A, Ayers D, Brody EN, et al. (2012) Early Detection of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma in Asbestos-Exposed Individuals with a Noninvasive Proteomics-Based Surveillance Tool. PLoS ONE 7(10): e46091. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046091
Editor: Thomas Behrens, University of Bochum, Germany
Received: May 4, 2012; Accepted: August 27, 2012; Published: October 3, 2012
Copyright: © Ostroff et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: SomaLogic (http://www.somalogic.com/) funded the proteomic analyses. Funding for all other aspects of the study including cohort assembly and ELISA completion was through National Cancer Institute Early Detection Research Grant 2U01CA111295-04 (http://edrn.nci.nih.gov/) to HIP. SomaLogic had a role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, and preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: RO, MM, AS, DA, EB, and SW are employees of SomaLogic. SomaLogic funded the proteomic analyses. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The remaining authors have no conflict of interest.
The earliest uses of asbestos date back almost 3,000 years to what is now considered Scandinavia, where archeologists have found pottery and chinking of log homes that utilized asbestos. But asbestos use became more prevalent during the apex of the Greek civilization when the "mystical" properties of asbestos made it almost as valuable as gold. In fact, chrysotile, the most common form of asbestos in use today, is Greek for gold (chrysos) fiber (tilos).
The Greeks initially wove asbestos into the clothing of slaves, but once its magical fire resistant powers were discovered, the asbestos was incorporated into the wicks of the "eternal" flames of the vestal virgins as well as for clothing for kings and queens, napkins and table cloths, and as insulation in building and ovens. Most asbestos used by the Greeks likely came from the first asbestos quarry located on the Greek island of Evvoia, and discovered in the first century by the Greek geographer Strabo.
The Romans also appreciated the fire-resistant nature of asbestos and used it for building construction and wove it into cloth used for head dressings, towels, and, like the Greeks, to make napkins and table cloths. Asbestos was especially useful in napkins and table clothes. The Romans would simply toss the soiled napkins or table clothes into the fire where any food scraps or filth would be burned off leaving only the cloth. Typically the fire-cleaned cloth came out whiter than it did when it entered the fire, leading the Romans to call it "amiantus" meaning "unpolluted."
In addition to the many mystical properties the Greeks and Romans identified in asbestos, they also noted the medical dangers it presented. Pliny the Elder, a famous Roman naturalist, doctor and historian, documented "sickness of the lung" in the slaves that worked in the asbestos mines. He discouraged people from buying slaves who worked in the asbestos mines because of their high incidence of dying young and recommended that slaves be equipped with a respirator made of transparent bladder skin. Thus, the dangers of asbestos have been known, to some degree, since its discovery more than 3,000 years ago.
Asbestos, Charlemagne, and the Medieval Era
After the fall of Rome, asbestos use began to decline. Napkins, clothing such as capes, and table clothes became artifacts for royalty and the wealthy that used the cloth for parlor tricks. The emperor Charlemagne was rumored to have used an asbestos-woven table cloth to illustrate his "powers" by removing the undamaged cloth from a fire.
Other uses during the medieval era included insulation for armor; but, the most fascinating use of asbestos during the period was as a magical cross sold by traveling merchants. The crosses, cut from asbestos, looked like very old, worn wood and were advertised by merchants as "true crosses" made directly from the wood of the cross upon which Jesus Christ of Nazareth died. To illustrate the magical cross's powers, the merchants would throw the wood into a fire where it would remain undamage

Asbestosis and mesothelioma Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013