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Saturday 13 July 2013

Lung cancer and mesothelioma Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

Lung cancer and mesothelioma Biogarphy

Source(google.com.pk)

Between March 2005 and October 2007 we performed LDCT (50-60 mA, 120 kV, 1.25 mm) in 516 asbestos-exposed individuals. Parenchymal nodules were followed according to lung cancer screening recommendations, morphology and location of pleural plaques was noted in detail.
RESULTS:
We included 507 men and 9 women (median 60.0 years), 395 (76.6%) were smokers. Annual repeat has been performed in 356 participants. We found plaques in 357 subjects (69.2%), commonly calcified (79.6%), flat (86.6%), and symmetric (86.8%), and mostly involving the costal (96.4%) and diaphragmatic (81.8%) pleura. Uncommon plaques were lobulated (13.2%), right-dominant asymmetric (4.5%), or with effusions (0.1%).We found pulmonary nodules in 371 subjects (71.9%), 91 (17.6%) had at least one nodule > or =5 mm; 10 growing nodules were found on annual repeat LDCT. In 41 individuals, plaques were regarded as atypical; three had new pleural/peritoneal abnormalities on annual repeat LDCT. An interim limited computed tomography of the observed abnormality prompted 10 diagnostic biopsies, resulting in a diagnosis of six lung cancers, two pleural mesothelioma and two peritoneal mesothelioma; overall rate of screen-detected malignancies is 2.1%. There were four interval cancers, diagnosed after baseline (n = 1) or after the annual repeat (n = 3): two pleural and one peritoneal mesothelioma, and one mixed squamous/small cell carcinoma.
Screening prior asbestos workers detects advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma and early as well as late stage lung cancer. We expect to learn more about the appearance of "early mesothelioma" with continued screening.
To investigate the mortality pattern among a cohort of workers with asbestosis in Hong Kong, with special emphases on mesothelioma and lung cancer.
All 124 male workers with confirmed asbestosis in Hong Kong during 1981-2008 were followed up to December 31, 2008 to ascertain the vital status and causes of death. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for each underlying cause of death was calculated by using person-year method. Axelson's indirect method was applied to adjust for the potential confounding effect of cigarette smoking.
A total of 86 deaths were observed after 432.8 person-years of observations. The SMR for overall mortality (6.06, 95% CI: 4.90-7.51) increased significantly. The elevated risk of deaths from all cancers (7.53, 95% CI: 5.38-10.25) was mainly resulted from a significantly excess risk from lung cancer (SMR=7.91, 95% CI: 4.32-13.29, 14 deaths) and mesothelioma (SMR=6013.63, 95% CI: 3505.95-9621.81, 17 deaths). The SMR for lung cancer retained statistically significant after adjustment of smoking. An increased smoking adjusted SMR was also suggested for all heart diseases (2.32, 95% CI: 0.93-4.79, 7 deaths) and acute myocardial infarction (3.10, 95% CI: 0.84-7.94, 4 deaths), though the statistical significance was borderline. We found a positive association with net years of exposure to asbestos for mesothelioma and lung cancer.
Our study provided further evidence on the carcinogenesis of asbestos/asbestosis with the risk of deaths from lung cancer and mesothelioma. This study also provided a preliminary support for a possible link between asbestosis and heart disease, but power is limited.
To investigate the mortality pattern among a cohort of workers with asbestosis in Hong Kong, with special emphases on mesothelioma and lung cancer.All 124 male workers with confirmed asbestosis in Hong Kong during 1981–2008 were followed up to December 31, 2008 to ascertain the vital status and causes of death. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for each underlying cause of death was calculated by using person-year method. Axelson's indirect method was applied to adjust for the potential confounding effect of cigarette smoking.A total of 86 deaths were observed after 432.8 person-years of observations. The SMR for overall mortality (6.06, 95% CI: 4.90–7.51) increased significantly. The elevated risk of deaths from all cancers (7.53, 95% CI: 5.38–10.25) was mainly resulted from a significantly excess risk from lung cancer (SMR=7.91, 95% CI: 4.32–13.29, 14 deaths) and mesothelioma (SMR=6013.63, 95% CI: 3505.95–9621.81, 17 deaths). The SMR for lung cancer retained statistically significant after adjustment of smoking. An increased smoking adjusted SMR was also suggested for all heart diseases (2.32, 95% CI: 0.93–4.79, 7 deaths) and acute myocardial infarction (3.10, 95% CI: 0.84–7.94, 4 deaths), though the statistical significance was borderline. We found a positive association with net years of exposure to asbestos for mesothelioma and lung cancer.
Our study provided further evidence on the carcinogenesis of asbestos/asbestosis with the risk of deaths from lung cancer and mesothelioma. This study also provided a preliminary support for a possible link between asbestosis and heart disease, but power is limited.
Mesothelioma is a somewhat rare cancer, with only about 2,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year -- but its incidence is increasing worldwide. Sadly, most cases of this disease are related to on-the-job exposure to asbestos, and could be prevented through awareness and protective measures at work. That said, in many cases, mesothelioma does not develop until decades after asbestos exposure occurs, and many people that are diagnosed today were exposed to asbestos years ago.Mesothelioma is a cancerous (malignant) tumor that begins in the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a membrane that lines and protects the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal cavity. There are three main types of mesothelioma:
Pleural mesothelioma begins in the pleura (the lining of the lungs). This is the most common type of mesothelioma.
Peritoneal mesothelioma begins in the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity).
Pericardial mesothelioma begins in the pericardium (the lining of the heart).
Each disease can take decades to develop yet only months to spread to distant organs. And they have similar diagnostic procedures and treatment techniques.
In addition, lung cancer and mesothelioma have overlapping symptoms. They both commonly cause chest pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, fatigue and weight loss. If a patient has these symptoms along with a history of asbestos exposure and/or a history of smoking, doctors should immediately suspect lung cancer or mesothelioma.
But despite having a number of similarities, lung cancer and mesothelioma differ in physical characteristics and non-asbestos risk factors.
Differences between Mesothelioma & Lung Cancer Development
While mesothelioma and lung cancer can develop after exposure to asbestos, each occurs in different areas of the body. Lung cancer develops in the lung itself, while mesothelioma usually develops in the lining of the lung. But any mesothelial cells could become cancerous, potentially causing mesothelioma to develop in the lining of the abdomen, lining of the heart or lining of the testicles.
Mesothelioma is almost exclusively the result of asbestos exposure, while the majority of lung cancer cases are attributed to causes like tobacco use and environmental exposures to radon gas and second-hand smoke.
And while smoking does not influence mesothelioma risk, it greatly increases an individual's risk of developing lung cancer. Those with the highest risk of lung cancer are smokers with a history of asbestos exposure.
By themselves, each risk factor damages lung tissue and makes it more susceptible to diseases. So when smoking and asbestos are combined, an individual's lung cancer risk increases at least 50-fold.
Fast Facts:
Mesothelioma
80 percent of mesothelioma cases are the result of asbestos exposure.
Mesothelioma typically takes 20 to 50 years to develop after initial exposure to asbestos.
Lung Cancer
4 percent of lung cancer deaths are attributed to asbestos exposure.
80 percent of all lung cancer deaths are attributed to tobacco use.
12 percent of lung cancer deaths are radon-related.
Lung cancer has a shorter latency period and may appear 10 to 30 years after first exposure to a carcinogen like asbestos or cigarette smoke.
Diagnosing Mesothelioma and Lung Cancer
To diagnose either type of cancer, a doctor may perform an X-ray, a bronchoscopy or a biopsy. During a bronchoscopy, the doctor inserts a tube down the throat and into the airways of the lung to detect abnormalities such as visible tumor growth. If the doctor finds irregular growth, he or she may collect a cell sample and test it for cancer.
In a biopsy, the doctor removes a small portion of suspicious tissue and tests it for cancer growth. The doctor may be able to perform this procedure using only a needle and no incision. To collect a larger sample, however, he or she may need to perform a minor biopsy surgery.
Another test is performed only when doctors suspect a patient has lung cancer. In this test, called sputum cytology, the doctor collects and tests a sample of thick phlegm that the patient coughed up from the lungs. This test may reveal abnormalities like blood or cancerous cells in the phlegm.
Treating Mesothelioma and Lung Cancer
For mesothelioma and lung cancer, treatment options largely depend on how much the cancer has spread. Most treatment plans include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy.
If the cancer is localized to the lung area, surgery may be able to remove all or most of the tumor growth. But surgeries vary by specific type of cancer.
To treat pleural mesothelioma, for example, a surgeon may remove the lining of the lung, the affected portion of the lung or the entire cancerous lung.
Typical lung cancer surgeries include removing a small portion of the lung, a lobe of the lung or the entire lung.
For both types of cancer, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are also considered standard courses of treatment. If the mesothelioma or lung cancer is localized, either treatment can be used to shrink tumor growth and potentially kill all tumor cells. When used in this potentially curative way, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are typically combined with surgery. These treatments can still be used if the cancer has spread beyond its original location. In these cases, treatments are palliative and aim to reduce symptoms.
Prognosis for Mesothelioma and Lung Cancer
One year after diagnosis, survival rates for lung cancer and mesothelioma are close: 42 percent for lung cancer patients 39 percent for mesothelioma patients. Survival rates diverge after several years, with lung cancer patients having a long-term survival advantage. A decade after diagnosis, 10 percent of lung cancer patients and 4 percent of mesothelioma patients are alive.
Survival Rates for Lung Cancer & Mesothelioma Patients
Beyond the statistics, though, is the need for someone with an asbestos cancer to secure an accurate diagnosis - is it asbestos lung cancer or is it mesothelioma? - and then formulate the best individual treatment plan.

Lung cancer and mesothelioma Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013