Best Asbestos Mesothelioma Lawyers 2013 Learn About the Lawyers Find A Mesothelioma Lawyer Directory: asbestos and mesothelioma

Showing posts with label asbestos and mesothelioma. Show all posts

Monday, 24 June 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Biogarphy

Source(google.com.pk)

The Law Office of Jonathan T. Turner has a long history of providing exceptional criminal defense services in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Jonathan's track record for successful resolutions to even the most complex criminal matters is well known. If you or a loved one has been arrested or charged by the police or other agency, contact our firm immediately so that we can set up a free, absolutely confidential consultation to discuss your options and map out a course of action to protect your legal rights. Jonathan is committed to providing clients with honest and zealous representation, along with regular communication. We are committed to providing each client with a written retainer agreement, specifically describing the services to be performed, and the exact expense anticipated. All telephone calls and electronic communication will be answered and returned promptly. The attorneys and staff of the Jonathan T. Turner know and understand that communication is important in every case. CONTACT THE OFFICES OF JONATHAN T. TURNER IMMEDIATELY TO SET UP YOUR FREE CONSULTATION. WE WILL PROVIDE YOU OR YOUR LOVED ONE WITH SUPERIOR LEGAL REPRESENTATION. WE WILL THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATE THE CHARGES AGAINST YOU OR YOUR LOVED ONE AND WILL WORK TO HAVE THEM LOWERED OR DISMISSED ALTOGETHER.We serve Chattanooga and all surrounding areas. NASHVILLE, June 1, 2010 — Chattanooga attorney Sam D. Elliott will take office as the Tennessee Bar Association's 128th president this Thursday at the association's annual convention in Nashville. He will be given the oath of office by Tennessee Supreme Court Chief Justice Janice Holder.Elliott, known for his scholarly study of Tennessee in the Civil War era, plans to make civics education a focus of his year in office. To encourage Tennessee's young people to explore legal developments in the state's history, Elliott has proposed a video contest on the theme "Tennessee's Unique History of Law & Liberty." Middle and high school students will be challenged to produce a three-minute video that tells the story of an event, person or legal development that has played an important role in Tennessee's history. Students will compete for cash prizes and an opportunity to present their video to leaders of the state's legal community. Elliott stated, "Our young people are the future of our state and country, and we should look for innovative ways to educate and engage them in ways that will enable them to understand the structure of our government, and appreciate its past."Elliott also has announced that he will use his year in office to study foreclosure reform, and to continue the Tennessee Bar's award-winning efforts to increase access to justice for Tennessee's economically disadvantaged citizens.Elliott is a member in the Chattanooga firm of Gearhiser, Peters, Cavett, Elliott & Cannon, where he practices in the field of civil litigation. His experience includes handling cases involving products liability, personal injury, employment discrimination and eminent domain. In addition, he advises clients on issues of employment law, environmental law, commercial disputes and professional liability. He also represents the municipal governments of Soddy Daisy, Collegedale and Lakesite.After earning a law degree from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1981, Elliott began his career clerking for then U.S. Magistrate Roger Dickson. He then joined the Gearhiser Peters firm, where he has worked ever since. Elliott served as president of the Chattanooga Bar Association in 2001 after serving on its board of governors for five years. For the Tennessee Bar Association, he has served in various capacities since 2004, including member of the board of governors, chair of the board's Operations Committee, and chairman of the association's Judicial Campaign Conduct Committee. He also is a member of the Justices Brock and Cooper American Inns of Court in Chattanooga, the Tennessee Municipal Attorneys Association, Chattanooga Trial Lawyers Association, Federal Bar Association and American Bar Association, and is a fellow of the American, Tennessee and Chattanooga bar foundations.Elliott is the author of Soldier of Tennessee: General Alexander P. Stewart and the Civil War in the West (1999) and the editor of Doctor Quintard: Chaplain C. S. A. and Second Bishop of Tennessee (2003). His newest book is Isham G. Harris of Tennessee: Confederate Governor and United States Senator (2010), and he will present the keynote address on the coming of the Civil War in Tennessee during the first signature event presented by the Tennessee Civil War SesquicentennIn the community, Elliott is the current chair of the Tennessee Historical Commission, and was recently reappointed to a second five-year term on the commission. He also serves on the board of the Tennessee Civil War Preservation Association and is a member of the Rotary Club of Chattanooga and Friends of University of Tennessee Library Executive Committee. He is former board member of the National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped (FACES) and the former president of the Friends of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. Elliott is a trustee at his church, Signal Mountain Presbyterian, and a frequent volunteer for Legal Aid of East Tennessee, which provides free legal services to those who cannot afford a lawyer.Taking office along with Elliott will be President-elect Danny Van Horn of Memphis and Vice President Jacqueline B. Dixon of Nashville. Van Horn is with the Memphis law firm of Butler, Snow, O'Mara & Cannada, where he leads the Commercial Litigation Group and handles cases involving business torts, unfair competition, insurance coverage and product liability. Dixon is a partner in the firm of Weatherly McNally & Dixon PLC, where she focuses on personal injury and wrongful death, domestic relations and probate cases.The 2010 Tennessee Bar Association Annual Convention will be held in conjunction with three other legal organizations -- the Tennessee Alliance for Black Lawyers (TABL), the Tennessee Asian Pacific American Bar Association (TAPABA) and the Tennessee Lawyers' Association for Women (TLAW). This joint meeting structure allows the groups to address common issues and concerns. It also offers opportunities for additional education, long-range planning, and recognition of attorneys who have performed outstanding legal work and community service.

Students will compete for cash prizes and an opportunity to present their video to leaders of the state's legal community.Mr. Elliott said, "Our young people are the future of our state and country, and we should look forinnovative ways to educate and engage them in ways that will enable them to understand the structure of our government, and appreciate its past.". Elliott has announced that he will also use his year in office to study foreclosure reform, and to continue the Tennessee Bar's award-winning efforts to increase access to justice for Tennessee's economically disadvantaged citizens.Mr. Elliott is a member in the Chattanooga firm of Gearhiser, Peters, Cavett, Elliott & Cannon, where he practices in the field of civil litigation. His experience includes handling cases involving products liability, personal injury, employment discrimination and eminent domain. In addition, he advises clients on issues of employment law, environmental law, commercial disputes and professional liability. He also represents the municipal governments of Soddy Daisy, Collegedale and Lakesite.After earning a law degree from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1981, Mr. Elliott began his career clerking for then U.S. Magistrate Roger Dickson. He then joined the Gearhiser Peters firm, where he has worked ever sincMr. Elliott served as president of the Chattanooga Bar Association in 2001 after serving on its board of governors for five years. For the Tennessee Bar Association, he has served in various capacities since 2004, including member of the board of governors, chair of the board's Operations Committee, and chairman of the association's Judicial Campaign Conduct Committee. He also is a member of the Justices Brock and Cooper American Inns of Court in Chattanooga, the Tennessee Municipal Attorneys Association, Chattanooga Trial Lawyers Association, Federal Bar Association and American Bar Association, and is a fellow of the American, Tennessee and Chattanooga bar foundations.Mr. Elliott is the author of Soldier of Tennessee: General Alexander P. Stewart and the Civil War in the West (1999) and the editor of Doctor Quintard: Chaplain C. S. A. and Second Bishop of Tennessee (2003). His newest book is Isham G. Harris of Tennessee: Confederate Governor and United States Senator (2010), and he will present the keynote address on the coming of the Civil War in Tennessee during the first signature event presented by the Tennessee Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission in November 2010.In the community, Mr. Elliott is the current chair of the Tennessee Historical Commission, and was recently reappointed to a second five-year term on the commission. He also serves on the board of the Tennessee Civil War Preservation Association and is a member of the Rotary Club of Chattanooga and Friends of University of Tennessee Library Executive Committee. He is former board member of the National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped (FACES) and the former president of the Friends of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park.Mr. Elliott is a trustee at his church, Signal Mountain Presbyterian, and a frequent volunteer for Legal Aid of East Tennessee, which provides free legal services to those who cannot afford a lawyer.Taking office along with Mr. Elliott will be President-elect Danny Van Horn of Memphis and Vice President Jacqueline B. Dixon of Nashville. Mr. Van Horn is with the Memphis law firm of Butler, Snow, O'Mara & Cannada, where he leads the Commercial Litigation Group and handles cases involving business torts, unfair competition, insurance coverage and product liability. Ms. Dixon is a partner in the firm of Weatherly McNally & Dixon PLC, where she focuses on personal injury and wrongful death, domestic relations, and probate cases.The 2010 Tennessee Bar Association Annual Convention will be held in conjunction with three other legal organizations- the Tennessee Alliance for Black Lawyers, the Tennessee Asian Pacific American Bar Association and the Tennessee Lawyers' Association for Women. This joint meeting structure allows the groups to address common issues and concerns. It also offers opportunities for additional education, long-range planning, and recognition of attorneys who have performed outstanding legal work and community service.

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

chattanooga tennessee attorney Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Biogarphy

Source(google.com.pk)

Max Bahner is a Senior Member of the firm's litigation section, and his practice concentration is primarily in complex litigation. He is an AAA arbitrator and also a Rule 31 certified mediator. He is currently an active member of the American College of Trial Lawyers and the Defense Research Institute. He chairs the Tennessee Bar Association Presidential Task Force on Judicial Conduct Rules, comprised of 13 judges and lawyers charged with suggesting revisions to Tennessee's Code of Judicial Conduct.
He is past president of the Chattanooga and Tennessee Bar Associations and served nearly 17 years in the American Bar Association House of Delegates, leading the Tennessee delegation for nine years. Mr. Bahner also served on the Board of Governors of the American Bar Association for three years and on the Executive Committee of the Board of Governors during his last year on the Board. He was Chair of the Tennessee Supreme Court's Advisory Commission on the Rules of Civil Procedure for seven years during which the Commission wrote the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, which were adopted by the Tennessee Supreme Court. Mr. Bahner is a founding Fellow of the Tennessee Bar Foundation and the Chattanooga Bar Foundation.Mr. Bahner’s mediation experience includes achieving agreement between bitterly divided parties resulting in reasonable settlements of multi-million dollar disputes. His experience in arbitration includes health care-related matters involving hospitals as well as disputes between insurers and physician groups. His experience also includes successful defense of a large case involving trade regulation, successful defense of significant indemnity claim by insured and other commercial lawsuits.Matters
Mediation experience includes achieving agreement between bitterly divided parties resulting in settlements of multi-million dollar disputes
Experience in arbitration includes health care-related matters involving hospitals as well as disputes between insurors and physician groups
Successful defense of large case involving trade regulation; successful defense of significant indemnity claim by insured and other commercial lawsuits.Mr. Maldonado is a senior partner in our law office. He specializes in immigration, corporate, labor and employment law. Mr. Olivencia received his Bachelor’s degree in Business and Human Resources from the Interamerican University in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and his J.D. degree from the Interamerican University School of Law, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Mr. Olivencia-Maldonado began his legal career at Quilichini Law Offices in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where he later became a partner. His clientele has been mainly corporations and small business owners, but he has recently opened up to private clients at his new office location in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
More on Mr. Maldonado
• Spoken on Issues Relating to Immigration Law in Print Media
• Some of His Opinions Can Be Seen in the Chattanooga free press newspaper, Noticias Libres
• Currently a Professor of Business Law at the University of Phoenix–Chattanooga
• Former Enlisted Member of the U.S. NAVY, Where He Learned How to Be a Disciplined Litigator
• Involved as a Liaison between Small Businesses & Federal Agencies
Andrea Cribben-Acosta
Mrs. Cribben-Acosta is a managing partner at Olivencia & Cribben Law Office, where she specializes in immigration and family law. Mrs. Cribben received her B.A. degree in Psychology and Communications from Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and her J.D. degree from the University of Puerto Rico‘s School of Law.
Work HistoryAndrea Cribben has been in the practice of law since 2001, when she opened her office in Dorado, Puerto Rico. While there, she represented clients from all walks of life in an honest and dedicated manner. She recently moved to Chattanooga to open Olivencia & Cribben Law Office, LLC, with her husband and fellow attorney, Hector Olivencia. He maintains an open office in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where he specializes in business, immigration, and labor and employment law.
Prior to establishing her private practice, Mrs. Cribben worked as a federal probation officer for the U.S. District Court of Puerto Rico. She specialized in criminal sentencing proceedings in cases involving immigration, sex offenders, drug conspiracies, and white collar crimes.
Involvement
Mrs. Cribben is an active member of the Tennesse Bar Association. She has spoken on issues relating to immigration law in printed media. Some of her written opinions may be viewed in the Chattanooga Times free press newspaper Noticias Libres.

If your are searching for Police Misconduct Lawyers practicing in Chattanooga, TN, look no further! Individuals searching for Police Misconduct solutions will discover a comprehensive listing of Chattanooga Lawyers who are experienced and knowledgeable as well as law firms concentrating on Police Misconduct. Browse through our listing of qualified Chattanooga, TN Lawyers below and find capable Lawyers to address your Police Misconduct issues or concerns.At the Law Office of Sam Byrd, I provide highly personalized legal representation across the full spectrum of family law issues, including divorce, child custody, child support, modifications of existing divorce decrees and more. I also represent individuals who face criminal charges, including juveniles While completing law school at the University of Memphis School of Law, I gained valuable experience by working at Rice, Amundsen & Caperton, PLLC, a Memphis-based law firm that specializes in family law.I received additional experience working for the University of Memphis Child and Family Litigation Clinic, where I represented children suffering from abuse and neglect. I also helped families with special needs children acquire the appropriate education and the state benefits they deserve.I served in the U.S. Marines following high school graduation, and I received my introduction to law while working as a paralegal for my father, the late Mitchell A. Byrd, in Chattanooga.
In 1969, Jerry H. Summers founded the law firm of Jerry H. Summers, P.C., in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The firm name has changed over the years, as other lawyers have gone into practice with Jerry. Since 1995, the law firm has been known as Summers & Wyatt, P.C.

Over the years, our firm has helped thousands of clients struggling with legal problems in Chattanooga and throughout Tennessee. If you are facing a legal matter in one of our practice areas, our attorneys are here to offer experienced advice and advocacy.

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

lawyers in chattanooga tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Biogarphy

Source(google.com.pk)

Attorney at Law
Husch Blackwell LLP is a full-service litigation and business law firm with 600 attorneys in locations across the United States and in London, serving clients with domestic, international and multinational operations. We focus on providing sophisticated legal services at a compelling value that helps manage risk, overcome hurdles and create meaningful advantages for our clients.
We represent national and global leaders in major industries that include agribusiness, energy, financial services, healthcare, manufacturing, chemicals and telecommunications. Our attorneys are recognized by leading professional and industry organizations for their knowledge and expertise across a broad range of legal services.
Our firms history reflects almost a century of legal excellence and superior client service. We earnedreputation as a market-leading law firm by delivering the highest standards of legal services our clients demand.We understanThe prospect of losing your family home can be frightening. The past few years have seen some of the highest foreclosure rates in American history. If you believe you are at risk of losing your house to foreclosure, you certainly have plenty of good company. There is little time to waste as you carefully consider your options:
Do nothing. This is a pretty surefire way to lose your home if you are unable to keep up with the mortgage payments. It could also result in seizure of assets via wage garnishment or bank account levies.
Deliberately opt for foreclosure as a way to live in your house rent free until the home is repossessed. This option works well for some people as a stop-gap measure, but it is risky to carry out such a plan without legal counsel and a plan for where you will live when the foreclosure takes place.
Negotiate with the mortgage lender for a loan modification or a short sale. (Beware of clauses in a short sale agreement that might hold you accountable for the difference between the mortgage balance and the price obtained through the short sale.)
File Chapter 13 bankruptcy. This powerful means of debt management can buy valuable time as your family seeks to avoid the great disruption of an eviction. Filing bankruptcy puts the "automatic stay" into place, prohibiting creditors from attempting to collect on debts. If you can meet affordable repayments,
Devise a Workable Mortgage Debt Repayment Plan With the Help of a Tennessee Foreclosure Defense AttorneyWe are here to help overwhelmed debtors in or near Chattanooga. Stop foreclosure. Attorneys at our law firm can explain how filing bankruptcy can help you remain in your house. Call or e-mail us to schedule a consultation with a lawyer today regarding alternatives to foreclosure in Tennessee or in neighboring areas of Georgia.In Tennessee, paternity or parentage is how a father's legal relationship with his child is established. Regardless of whether you are the unmarried father or mother of a child, it is vital that you act to protect your rights and the rights of your child by establishing parentage.
At the Law Office of Rebecca Garren Parker, we provide honest, competent and experienced advice and representation for individuals seeking to establish parentage. Our law firm works with unmarried mothers and fathers to assist them through the process.
Establishing Fathers' Rights
In Tennessee, if a child is born to unmarried parents, the mother receives the right to exclusive care and custody of the child. If you are an unmarried father, you may need legal assistance to gain access to your child without the mother's approval. That means, you need to go to court to establish parentage and parenting time with your child if you want to:
Provide the child with your last name and identity
Ensure a complete medical history for the child
Establish child support (so you won't get hit with a huge lump sum years later)
Carry the child on your medical insurance plan.
Once parentage is established, you can ask the juvenile court to set a parenting schedule detailing the days and times you will be able to parent your child.
Protecting Mothers' Rights
As the unmarried mother of a child, Tennessee law gives you custody of your child. However, it is likely that the child's father will file an action to establish parentage and parenting time. As part of the parentage lawsuit, child support will be established.
Oftentimes, the father will also seek to establish certain days and times on which he can parent the child. It's extremely important not only to be prepared for this, but also to know how to respond. We can help you.
Contact Our Cleveland Parental Rights Attorney
Our lawyer routinely represents individuals in parentage/paternity actions. Contact our Chattanooga paternity attorney online or by calling 423-933-3139 or toll free at 866-930-2618 to discuss your case.There are two Chattanoogas. The one we see, and the one we don’t.The city we see bustles with restaurants, shops and gyms housed in buildings old and new, mixed like puzzle pieces between downtown city streets.What we don’t see lies beneath the streets, a crazy quilt of yesteryear’s commerce buried a century ago, but preserved in traces found in basements and passages that once were the city’s ground floor.We don’t see the town that Chattanooga buried to save the one we have today.Like all of the city’s history, the story of Underground Chattanooga starts with the Tennessee River.After a series of devastating floods in the late 1800s and early 20th century, the town that began as a river trading post at Ross’s Landing reinvented itself.Stunned by the waters reaching 30 feet above the river’s normal banks in 1867, the townspeople quietly and steadily began to raise their street level by 3 to 15 feet.piece at a time, Chattanooga filled in about four city streets — Market and Broad, and portions of Cherry and Chestnut — from the river to Ninth Street, what is now M.L. King Boulevard.In time, about a 40-block area of the city rose by about a story.Some second floors became first floors, and first floors became basements. Towering window arches became foundation decor or basement light vents.Yet this massive feat — the raising of a town — has gone largely ignored in city history.There’s very little documentation of it. And it really wasn’t even in the consciousness of Chattanooga for years,” said Chattanooga archaeologist Nick Honerkamp, UC Foundation professor at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.

Baker, Kinsman, Hollis & Clelland, P.C. has been a full service law firm since 1984. Since our founding, we have taken pride in providing high quality legal services for our clients. We connect with our clients and their legal issues. Your battles become our battles and your concerns are ours. We take seriously our roles as counselors of the law to provide our clients with pragmatic and realistic advice.
The legal environment has never been more complex or more demanding. We understand our clients: their history, their problems and their goals. We keep our clients’ goals in perspective with every legal matter we handle. We understand that anyone faced with a legal challenge wants results, but positive results only matter if those results come at a value. We call these reasoned results: exceptional results at an unquestioned value. We pledge to keep your bottom line in perspective. Perhaps our focus on the client is the reason that we have established relationships with clients that span years and, in some cases, decades.
We are available for legal representation in civil litigation matters throughout Middle Tennessee, East Tennessee and North Georgia. Our attorneys are admitted to practice in State and Federal Courts and we have attorneys admitted to practice in both Tennessee and Georgia. The majority of our practice is devoted to insurance defense litigation, including fire/arson defense, insurance coverage litigation, personal injury defense, workers’ compensation defense, employment law, insurance subrogation, and other liability defense.
We also represent select clients in personal injury cases. If you or a loved one have been seriously injured, we are available to carefully review your case and may consider representing you or your family member. Please contact us for more information and a free consultation at our office or your location.

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

in knoxville tennessee Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

injury lawyers Wallpaper Photos Pictures Pics Images 2013

injury lawyers Biogarphy

Source(google.com.pk)

In 1795, James White set aside more land for the growing city, allowing it to expand northward to modern Clinch Avenue and westward to modern Henley Street.[18] A census that year showed that Tennessee had a large enough population to apply for statehood. In January 1796, delegates from across Tennessee, including Blount, Sevier, and Andrew Jackson, convened in Knoxville to draw up a constitution for the new state, which was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796. Knoxville was chosen as the initial capital of the state.[13]:13While Knoxville's population grew steadily in the early 1800s, most new arrivals were westward-bound migrants staying in the town for a brief period.[1] By 1807, some 200 migrants were passing through the town every day.[19]:75 Cattle drovers, who specialized in driving herds of cattle across the mountains to markets in South Carolina, were also frequent visitors to the city.[19]:75 The city's merchants acquired goods from Baltimore and Philadelphia via wagon trains.[18]
French botanist André Michaux visited Knoxville in 1802, and reported the presence of approximately 200 houses and 15 to 20 "well-stocked" stores. While there was "brisk commerce" at the city's stores, Michaux noted, the only industries in the city were tanneries.[20] In February 1804, itinerant Methodist preacher Lorenzo Dow passed through Knoxville, and reported the widespread presence of a religious phenomenon in which worshippers would go into seizure-like convulsions, or "jerks," at rallies.[21] Illinois governor John Reynolds, who studied law in Knoxville, recalled a raucous, anti-British celebration held in the city on July 4, 1812, at the onset of the War of 1812.[22]
On October 27, 1815, Knoxville officially incorporated as a city.[18] The city's new charter set up an alderman-mayor form of government, in which a Board of Aldermen was popularly elected, and in turn selected a mayor from one of their own.[23]:75 This remained Knoxville's style of government until the early 20th century, though the city's charter was amended in 1838 to allow for popular election of mayor as well.[23]:76 In January 1816, Knoxville's newly elected Board of Aldermen chose Judge Thomas Emmerson (1773–1837) as the city's first mayor.[18]
Sectionalism and struggles with isolation[edit]-19th century flatboat on the Tennessee River
Historian William MacArthur once described Knoxville as a "product and prisoner of its environment."[13]:1 Throughout the first half of the 19th century, Knoxville's economic growth was stunted by its isolation. The rugged terrain of the Appalachian Mountains made travel in and out of the city by road difficult, with wagon trips to Philadelphia or Baltimore requiring a round trip of several months. Flatboats were in use as early as 1795 to carry goods from Knoxville to New Orleans via the Tennessee, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers,[24]:94 but river hazards near Muscle Shoals and Chattanooga made such a trek risky.[25]
During the 1820s and 1830s, state legislators from East Tennessee continuously bickered with legislators from Middle and West Tennessee over funding for road and navigational improvements. East Tennesseans felt the state had squandered the proceeds from the sale of land in the Hiwassee District (1819) on a failed state bank, rather than on badly needed internal improvements.[25] It wasn't until 1828 that a steamboat, the Atlas, managed to navigate Muscle Shoals and make it upriver to Knoxville. River improvements in the 1830s allowed Knoxville semi-annual access to the Mississippi, though by this time the city's merchants had shifted their focus to railroad construction.[25]
Life in Knoxville, 1816–1854[edit]East Tennessee College, the forerunner of the University of Tennessee, moved to "The Hill" west of downtown Knoxville in 1826
In 1816, as the Gazette was in decline, businessmen Frederick Heiskell and Hugh Brown established a newspaper, the Knoxville Register. Along with the Register, Heiskell and Brown published a pro-emancipation newsletter, the Western Monitor and Religious Observer, as well as books such as John Haywood's Civil and Political History of the State of Tennessee (1823), one of the state's first comprehensive histories.[13]:15 The Register celebrated the move of East Tennessee College (the new name of Blount College following its rechartering in 1807) to Barbara Hill in 1826, and encouraged the trustees of the Knoxville Female Academy, which had been chartered in 1811, to finally hire a faculty and hold its first classes in 1827.[26]Knoxville in the late-1850s, viewed from the west along Cumberland Avenue
In the April 1839 issue of the Southern Literary Messenger, a traveler who had recently visited Knoxville described the people of the city as "moral, sociable and hospitable," but "with less refinement of mind and manners" than people in older towns.[27] In 1842, English travel writer James Gray Smith reported that the city was home to a university, an academy, a "ladies' school," three churches, two banks, two hotels, 15-20 stores, and several "handsome country residences" occupied by people "as aristocratic as even an Englishman... could possibly desire."[28]
In 1816, merchant Thomas Humes began building a lavish hotel on Gay Street, later known as the Lamar House Hotel, which for decades would provide a gathering place for the city's elite.[29] In 1848, the Tennessee School for the Deaf opened in Knoxville, giving an important boost to the city's economy. In 1854, land speculators Joseph Mabry and William Swan donated land for the creation of Market Square, creating a venue for farmers from the surrounding region to sell their produce.[30]:4-11
The arrival of the railroads[edit]The East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia rail yard at the intersection of Gay Street (lower right) and Depot Street, as it appeared in 1871; the roundhouse has since been demolished and replaced by the Southern Terminal
As early as the 1820s, Knoxville's business leaders viewed railroads— then a relatively new form of transportation— as a solution to the city's economic isolation. Led by banker J. G. M. Ramsey (1797–1884), Knoxville business leaders joined calls to build a rail line connecting the city to Cincinnati to the north and Charleston to the southeast, which led to the chartering of the Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad (LC&C) in 1836.[25] The Hiwassee Railroad, chartered two years later, was to connect this line with a rail line in Dalton, Georgia.[25]
In spite of Knoxvillians' enthusiasm (the city celebrated the passage of a state appropriations bill for the LC&C with a 56-gun salute in 1837), the LC&C was doomed by a financial recession in the late 1830s, and construction of the Hiwassee Railroad was stalled by lack of funding amidst continued sectional bickering.[25] The Hiwassee was rechartered as the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad in 1847, and construction finally began the following year. The first train rolled into Knoxville on June 22, 1855, to great fanfare.[24]:106
With the arrival of the railroad, Knoxville expanded rapidly. The city's northern boundary extended northward to absorb the tracks, and its population grew from about 2,000 in 1850 to over 5,000 in 1860.[13]:20 Local crop prices spiked, the number of wholesaling firms in Knoxville grew from 4 to 14,[31]:21-23 and two new factories— the Knoxville Manufacturing Company, which made steam engines, and Shepard, Leeds and Hoyt, which built railroad cars— were established.[31]:21-23 In 1859, the city had 6 hotels, several tanners, tinners, and furniture makers, and 26 liquor stores.[31]:21-23
The Secession crisis in Knoxville[edit]Antebellum politics in Knoxville[edit]
Early-19th century Knoxville was often caught in the middle of the sectionalist fighting between East Tennessee and the state as a whole.[25] Following the presidential election of 1836, in which Knoxvillian Hugh Lawson White (James White's son) ran against Andrew Jackson's hand-picked successor, Martin Van Buren, political divisions in the city manifested along Whig (anti-Jackson) and Democratic party lines.[13]:17-8 In 1839, W.B.A. Ramsey won the city's first popular mayoral election by a single vote, illustrating how strong these divisions had become.[23]:76
In 1849, William G. "Parson" Brownlow moved his radical Whig newspaper, the Whig, to Knoxville. Brownlow's editorial style, which often involved vicious personal attacks, intensified the already-sharp political divisions within the city. In 1857, he quarreled with the pro-Secession Southern Citizen and its publishers, Knoxville businessman William G. Swan and Irish Patriot John Mitchell (then in exile), to the point of threatening Swan with a pistol.[32]:49 Brownlow's attacks drove Whig-turned-Democrat John Hervey Crozier from public life,[33]:289-290 and forced two directors of the failed Bank of East Tennessee, A.R. Crozier and William Churchwell, to flee town. He brought charges of swindling against a third director, J.G.M. Ramsey, the former railroad promoter and a staunch Democrat.[33]:290
Following the nationwide collapse of the Whig Party in 1854, many of Knoxville's Whigs, including Brownlow, were unwilling to support the new Republican Party formed by northern Whigs, and instead aligned themselves with the anti-immigrant American Party (commonly called the "Know Nothings").[31]:25 When this movement disintegrated, Knoxville's ex-Whigs turned to the Opposition Party. In 1858, Opposition Party candidate Horace Maynard, with Brownlow's endorsement, soundly defeated Democratic candidate J.C. Ramsey (J.G.M. Ramsey's son) for the 2nd district's congressional seat.[31]:49
Knoxville and slavery[edit]
By 1860, slaves comprised 22% of Knoxville's population, which was higher than the percentage across East Tennessee (approximately 10%) but lower than the rest of the South (about one-third).[19]:78-9 Most of Knox County's farms were small (only one was larger than 1,000 acres (4.0 km2)) and typically focused on livestock or other products that weren't labor-intensive.[19]:78-9 The city's largest slaveholder was Joseph Mabry, who owned 42 slaves in 1860. The city was home to a chapter of the American Colonization Society,[31]:34 led by St. John's Episcopal Church rector Thomas William Humes.[31]:35
While Knoxville was far less dependent on slavery than the rest of the South, most of the city's leaders, even those who opposed secession, were pro-slavery at the onset of the Civil War.[31]:34-39 Some, such as J.G.M. Ramsey, had always been pro-slavery.[31]:35 However, numerous prominent Knoxvillians, including Brownlow, Oliver Perry Temple, and Horace Maynard, had been pro-emancipation in the 1830s, but, for reasons not fully understood, were pro-slavery by the 1850s.[31]:36-39
Temple later wrote that he and others abandoned their anti-slavery stance due to the social ostracism abolitionists faced in the South.[31]:37 Historian Robert McKenzie, however, argues that the aggression of northern abolitionists toward Southerners pushed many Southern abolitionists toward pro-slavery views, though he points out that no one explanation neatly explains this shift.[31]:39 In any case, by the late-1850s, most of Knoxville's leaders were pro-slavery. The views of Brownlow and Ramsey, bitter enemies on many fronts, were virtually identical on the issue of slavery.[34]
The secession debate in Knoxville[edit]
Engraving in Brownlow's Sketches, showing Confederate recruits shooting at Union supporter Charles Douglas during a Gay Street rally in April 1861
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 drastically intensified the secession debate in Knoxville, and the city's leaders met on November 26 to discuss the issue.[31]:56 Those who favored secession, such as J.G.M. Ramsey, believed it was the only way to ensure the rights of Southerners. Those who rejected secession, such as Maynard and Temple, believed that East Tennesseans, most of whom were yeoman farmers, would be rendered subservient to a government dominated by Southern planters.[31]:57 In February 1861, Tennessee held a vote on whether or not to hold a statewide convention to consider seceding and joining the Confederacy.[31]:60 In Knoxville, 77% voted against this measure, affirming the city's allegiance to the Union.[31]:60
Throughout the first half of 1861, Brownlow and J. Austin Sperry (the radical secessionist editor of the Knoxville Register) assailed one another mercilessly in their respective papers,[33]:128, 214 and Union and Secessionist leaders blasted one another in speeches across the region. Simultaneous Union and Confederate recruiting rallies were held on Gay Street.[31]:72 Following the attack on Fort Sumter in April, Governor Isham Harris made moves to align the state with the Confederacy, prompting the region's Unionists to form the East Tennessee Union Convention, which met at Knoxville on May 30, 1861. The convention submitted a petition to Governor Isham Harris, calling his actions undemocratic and unconstitutional.[35]
In a second statewide vote on June 8, 1861, a majority of East Tennesseans still rejected secession,[31]:80-82 but the measure succeeded in Middle and West Tennessee, and the state thus joined the Confederacy. In Knoxville, the vote was 777 to 377 in favor of secession.[31]:81 McKenzie points out, however, that 436 Confederate soldiers from outside Knox County were stationed in Knoxville at the time and were allowed to vote.[31]:81 If these votes are removed, the tally in Knoxville was 377 to 341 against secession.[31]:81 Following the vote, the East Tennessee Union Convention petitioned the state legislature, asking that East Tennessee be allowed to form a separate, Union-aligned state. The petition was rejected, however, and Governor Harris ordered Confederate troops into the region.[36]:359-365
The Civil War[edit]
Engraving from Brownlow's Sketches, showing Confederate soldiers marching Union prisoners through the streets of Knoxville in December 1861
The Confederate commander in East Tennessee, Felix Zollicoffer, initially took a lenient stance toward the region's Unionists. In November 1861, however, Union guerrillas destroyed several railroad bridges across East Tennessee, prompting Confederate authorities to institute martial law.[36]:370-406 Suspected bridge-burning conspirators were tried and executed, and hundreds of other Unionists were jailed, forcing authorities to erect a makeshift prison at the corner of Main and Prince (Market) streets in Downtown Knoxville.[37]:34 Brownlow was among those arrested, but was released after a few weeks. He spent 1862 touring the north in an attempt to rally support for a Union invasion of East Tennessee.[31]:111-2
Zollicoffer was replaced by John Crittenden in November 1861,[37]:40 and Crittenden was in turn replaced by Edmund Kirby Smith in March 1862,[37]:50 as Confederate authorities consistently struggled to find an acceptable commander for its East Tennessee forces. In June 1862, George Wilson, one of Andrews' Raiders, was tried and convicted in Knoxville.[37]:65-6 In July 1862, 40 Union soldiers captured by Nathan Bedford Forrest near Murfreesboro were marched down Gay Street, with Confederate soldiers jokingly reading aloud their personal correspondence afterward.[37]:66
The divided 2nd District sent representatives to both the U.S. Congress (Horace Maynard) and the Confederate Congress (William G. Swan) in 1861.[31]:90[37]:24 Maynard, along with fellow East Tennessee Unionist Andrew Johnson, consistently pleaded with President Lincoln to send troops into the region.[36]:437-441 For nearly two years, however, Union generals in Kentucky consistently ignored orders to march on Knoxville, and instead focused on Middle Tennessee.[37]:44 On June 20, 1863, William P. Sanders's Union cavalry briefly laid siege to Knoxville, but a Confederate citizens' guard within the city managed to fend them off.[37]:77-8
Union occupation[edit]